ENERGY

Energy is that something is not easily defined with a short and precise. The energy that is abstract is difficult to prove, but can be felt there. Energy or power that is often called, is an understanding that often used by people. We often hear the term crisis to demonstrate significant energy crisis fuels (especially oil). The fuel is something that stores energy when burned will get a useful thermal energy for heating or to drive the machine. Energy in everyday life sense of motion, eg a child moving a lot and run around full of energy said. Energy is also associated with the work. A person who is capable of working hard is said to have great energy or force. So it may be said of energy is something that can generate power of motion, force, and employment. Technological knowledge and energy in physics can be interpreted as the ability to do work. Energy in nature is an eternal scale (the first law of thermodynamics). Energy can not be created and can not be destroyed, but can be converted / transformed from one form of energy into other energy forms. Types of Energy :

a. Mechanical Energy. Stored energy in kinetic energy or potential energy and can ditransisi or transfer to generate business / work.

b. Electrical Energy. Energy associated with the accumulation of electron flow and shape of the transition or transfer is the flow of electrons through a conductor of a particular type. Electrical energy can be saved as an electrostatic field energy and is the energy associated with the electric field due to the accumulation of electron charge on the capacitor plates. Electric field energy is equivalent to the electromagnetic fields of energy equal to the energy associated with the magnetic field arising from the flow of electrons through the induction coil.

c. Chemical Energy. The energy that came out as a result of electron interaction in which two or more atoms/molecules combine to produce a stable chemical compound. Chemical energy can only occur in the form of stored energy. When energy is released in a reaction then the reaction is called exothermic reactions are expressed in kJ or kcal. If the energy absorbed in chemical reactions is called the endothermic reaction. Fuel energy sources are very important for humans is the exothermic chemical reaction which is generally called a combustion reaction. Combustion reaction involves the oxidation of fossil fuels.

d. Nuclear Energy. Nuclear energy is the energy in the form of stored energy that can be removed due to interaction of particles with or within the nucleus. This energy is released as a result of the particles attempt to obtain a more stable condition. The units used are the million-an electron reaction. Nuclear reactions can occur on the leaching of radioactive, fission, and fusion.

e. Thermal Energy (Heat) Is the basic form of energy which in other words is all the energy that can be fully converted into heat energy. In contrast, the conversion of thermal energy to other energy Thermodynamics II restricted by law. Form the transition energy and thermal energy is the thermal energy (heat), can also be in the form of stored energy as latent heat or sensible heat in the form of enthalpy. Energy sources is the place appears or the emergence of energy that can be harnessed for human life on the surface of the earth. Energy sources can be distinguished as follows:

1. Derived from the earth (terrestrial),

2. Derived from outside earth (extra terrestrial),

Sources of energy from the earth can be categorized types of renewable or non-depleted and non-renewable or energy depleted. Renewable energy sources or can be recycled, such as wood, biomass, biogas. Energy sources from outside the earth is not depleted or non-depleted energy resources, such as solar energy and energy cosmic rays. While the energy that nature can not be renewed or may be discharged (or depleted non-renewable energy) are petroleum (mineral), new coal, and natural gas

a. Energy sources to Out (Non-Renewable/Depleted Energy Resources)

Energy sources that can be discharged and recycling of rare derived from the earth (terrestrial) is the conventional energy sources which are generally mines or fossil fuel energy emanating from the bowels of the earth, such as oil, gas, coal, and energy nuclear.

1) fossil energy sources. Energy stored in the form of fossil fuel oil, coal, and gas. This fuel comes from the fossils that have been buried in the bowels of the earth billions of years ago, some say the oil and gas comes from fossils of marine animals and terrestrial animals, whereas coal from fossil wood. Fossil fuels are obtained by mining from within the bowels of the earth, through the drilling of oil and gas, while coal is obtained by multiplying the surface or in soil. The fuel oil is expected to expire at the end of the XXI century. Natural gas is predicted by experts will run out of approximately 100 years, while coal reserves will be depleted more or less 200 to 300 years to come. The three types of fossil fuels are categorized as less energy is environmentally friendly because of high pollution levels. CO2 levels were increasing in recent years, causing temperatures to rise, resulting in partial melting of polar ice and sea levels continue to rise which will eventually lead to massive flooding in the towns located on the waterfront in the world.

2) Source of nuclear energy. This energy source is a source of energy other mining products which include the type of non-ferrous metals. Nuclear energy can be cultivated through a process of fission and fusion. Although nuclear energy is clean, but the risk of radiation hazards that can be deadly, so the management should be extra careful and also memelukan substantial capital for the initial investment.

b. Energy sources that can be recycled (Renewable / Non-Depleted Energy Resources).

Here there are two types of energy, ie energy that can be recycled (renewable energy) and energy is not depleted of all time (non-depleted energy). Energy that can be recycled from the Earth, among others, biomass, biogas, firewood, etc.. Energy is not exhausted all the time from the earth (terreterial), geothermal, ocean water, and wind, while from the outside world, is a solar energy / solar.

1) Biomass is recycled through the process of photosynthesis in which solar energy plays a role. The leaves absorb solar energy for its growth process and removing CO2. Solar energy absorbed by the plants are processed into chemical energy as the energy in the form be saved.the plant will release its stored energy in the drying process as well as when burned directly. It can also be through a process to produce enough fuel potential, such as ethanol, methane, or other gas, and fuel in the form of liquid (vegetable oil). Calorific value / burning of dried herbs can reach 4800 kcal / kg. Some of the conversion process of biomass into fuel, is through:

1. Process Pirolisa

2. Process Hidrogasifikasi

3. The process of hydrogenated

4. Distalasi process Distrutif

5. Acid hydrolysis process

           Fuel results from the biomass, known as alternative fuels. Examples of these alternative fuels, are:

a) distance Fruit is a plant that is not foreign to the people of Indonesia. This plant is used as fuel when the Japanese planes colonize Indonesia in 1942 until 1945. Almost all parts of this plant can be utilized. The content of castor oil has a yield of oil (triglycerides) in the core seed around 55 percent or 33 percent of the total weight of seeds.

b) Corn becomes important as an alternative raw material for ethanol (fuel mixing ingredients). Therefore, the need for these commodities in the future is expected to increase the signifikan.Bioetanol (C2H5OH) is a fluid biochemistry of fermentation of sugars from carbohydrate sources using the help of microorganisms. Bioethanol production includes 3 (three) series of processes, namely: raw material preparation, fermentation, and purification.

2) bio gas (biogas) is a source of clean and cheap energy. Produced from animal waste and rotting garbage through the process of anaerobic microbial activity aorganisme through. Obtained gas containing 70 percent methane. A bio-gas system consists of:

1. Mixing tank

2. Digester (digester)

3. Gas storage tanks

4. Gas burners

5. Manure / rotten garbage as a feedstock

             The process of (produced) the bio-gas, are as follows: Animal waste (ox) / rotten garbage is mixed with water, put in a mixing tank, stirred until smooth to form a slurry manure is commonly called a slurry which is then inserted into the digester to produce bio-gas. The gas formed is collected and stored in a storage tank of gas. A rough estimate suggests that the need for cooking with bio-gas for consumption of 30 persons, requires 30 m³ of gas per day to the needs of livestock manure weighing 200 kg which can be generated by approximately 40 bulls.

3) Water, Water is the source of energy that can be recycled that can be distinguished according to the power of water (hydropower). A water energy turbines depend on the potential energy of water at a certain height. The potential energy of water converted into mechanical energy through a turbine which is then converted back into the form of electrical energy through an electric generator. The output power from the center of hydroelectricity depends on the mass flow of water flowing and falling water ketinggi. Indonesia has the potential for large hydropower. The use of water power potential of small and medium scale were developed and promoted in recent years to produce the mini and micro hydro power stations in areas of potential energy sources of the water is not too large. Energy source of water can be classified as part of the solar energy source. This is because the presence of water coming from the evaporation of sea water through solar radiation. The result is accumulated into thick clouds containing water vapor to then turn into rain water. Rain water collected in dams as a source of high potential energy of water.

4) The energy of sea waves, a source of energy derived from ocean waves that are converted through a system of piston mechanism that works back and forth to the rhythm of the ocean wave motion. Some ocean wave energy systems are being developed and will be an alternative for generating electrical energy.

5) Tides Energy, sources of energy derived from the difference in sea water at high tide and low tide. In this world there are areas that have tidal difference is quite significant, ie more than 10 meters. Difference in height is enough potential to mobilize large-scale water turbines with a height of fall that low, but it can generate electricity with up to hundreds of megawatts of power.

6) Energy temperature gradient, sources of energy derived from differences in surface sea water temperature and on the specific ocean depths. The temperature difference is used to generate energy conversion systems. Seawater temperature gradients are known as OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion). Energy techniques utilizing a temperature gradient of sea surface temperatures obtained from radiant heat caused by the sun, so it may be said that the temperature gradient energy as part of solar energy.

7) Wind Energy, an energy source derived from the difference in pressure at the earth's surface, causing air flow (wind). The difference was caused by the solar radiation that heats the earth's surface, resulting in differences in temperature and mass density of air affects the air pressure differences. Air flow (wind) can be accelerated by the rotation of the earth on its axis with a constant rotation speed.

8) Geothermal energy, terrestrial energy is abundant and can be utilized as a power plant - geothermal energy. Naturally increases the earth temperature of 30 ° C at a depth of every mile except near the active volcano, where the flow of hot magma that can rise to the surface of the earth with the heat that reaches 250 ° C. Geothermal temperature at a depth of 25 km from the Earth's surface can reach 750 ° C. Economically depth that is ideal for exploitation of geothermal resources is less than 10 km with a working temperature of 150 ° - 300 ° C. Geothermal energy is located approximately 10 miles from the earth's surface is able to give estimates based on thermal energy system with a production capacity of 200 MW during the past 10,000 years. Geothermal energy in the area of ​​West Java Kamojang capacity of 150 MW.

9) Solar energy is an abundant source of energy, clean, pollution-free, and will not run out of all time. Solar energy is the energy of extraterrestrial (extra terrestrial energy) that can be exploited through direct conversion, such as photovoltaic and indirectly through the center of solar electricity